Use of event-related cognitive potentials (erp) in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
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Published
Sep 20, 2016
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
This represents one of the most relevant aspects for the theoretical basis and
the advance of the cognitive neuroscience in this field. This is true because the
attention and memory processes underlie the physiopathology of the central
nervous system. The ADHD is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in
childhood. We present here its definition, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, we show the use of the neurophysiological techniques called event-related cognitive potentials for the early detection and the improvement of the differential diagnosis and the intervention processes, reducing thus the negative impact caused in our society.
How to Cite
Moscoso Ariza, O. H., Restrepo de Mejía, F., Vidarte Claros, J. A., & Orrego Cardozo, M. (2016). Use of event-related cognitive potentials (erp) in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). ÁNFORA, 17(28), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v17.n28.2010.96
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Keywords
Attention, Hyperactivity, Disorder Attention, Event- Related Cognitive Potentials.
References
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2007). Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 46:7, 894-921.
American Academy of Pediatrics (2001). Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 108:1033-1044.
American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
BANASCHEWSKI T., BRANDEIS D., HEINRICH H., ALBRECHT B., BRUNNER E., y ROTHENBERGER A. (2003). Association of ADHD and conduct disorder - brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 (3),356–376.
BARKLEY R. A. (1990) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook of diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.
BARKLEY R. A. (1997) ADHD and the nature of selfcontrol. New York: Guilford.
BARRY R. J., Clarke A. R., Johnstone S. J. (2003a). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol;114:171–183.
BARRY R. J., JOHNSTONE S. J., CLARKE A. R. (2003b). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology 114 184–198.
BRANDEIS D., VAN LEEUWEN T.H., RUBIA K., VITACCO D., STEGER J., Pascual-Marqui R.D., y Steinhausen H.C. (1998). Neuroelectric mapping reveals precursor of stop failures in children with attention deficits. Behavioral Brain Research, 94, 111–125.
CALDERÓN OCAMPO J. H. y AMÉZQUITA MEDINA M. E. (2001). Elementos básicos para el abordaje de los trastornos mentales. Manizales, Colombia: Centro Editorial Universidad de Caldas; 541-563.
CASADO S. E. (2001). Déficit de atención con hiperactividad. aspectos generales. Rev Psiquiatr Psicol Niño y Adolesc, 4(1): 61-4.
CASTELLANOS F. X. y TANNOCK R. (2002). Neuroscience of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature reviews neuroscience; (3): 617 – 622.
CHIAPA K. H., ed. (1989). Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. New York: Raven Press.
CLEMENTS S. D. (1966) Minimal brain dysfunction in children. Terminology and Identification (USPH Publication No. 1415). Washington: Government Printing Office.
CONNERS C. K. (1979). Conners teacher reading scale (hyperkinesis index). Chicago: Abbott Laboratories.
CORDES M. y MCLAUGHLIN T. F. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and rating scales with a brief review of the Connors teacher rating scale. International Journal of Special Education 2004; 19 (2): 23 – 34.
DONCHIN E., y COLES M. G. (1988). Is the P300 component
DOUGLAS V. (1972). Stop, look and listen: the problem of sustained attention
impulse control in hyperactive and normal childre. Can J Behav Sci; 4: 159 – 82.
DUPAUL G., POWER T. J., ANASTOPOULOS A. D. y REID R. (1998). ADHDRating Scales DSM-IV for parents and teachers. New York: Guilford. FARRÉ-RIVA A. y NARBONA J. (1997) Escala de Conners en la evaluación del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad. Nuevo estudio de validación y análisis factorial en niños españoles. Rev Neurol; 25: 200-4. García-Ogueta M. I. (2001). Mecanismos atencionales y síndromes
neuropsicológicos. Rev Neurol; 32: 463-7.
HANSEN J. C. y HILLYARD S. A. (1988). Temporal dynamics of human auditory selective attention. Psychophysiology; 25:316–329.
HEGERL U. y JUCKEL G. (1993). Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission: a new hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry; 33:173–187.
IDIAZÁBAL M. A., PALENCIA-TABOADA A. B., SANGORRÍN J., ESPADALERGAMISSANS J. M. (2002). Potenciales evocados cognitivos en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol; 34: 301-5.
International Consensus Statement on ADHD (2002). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review; 5 (2): 89-111
JASPER H. H. (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol; 22: 497-507.
JONKMAN L. M., KEMNER C., VERBATEN M. N., KOELEGA H. S., CAMFFERMAN G., VD GAAG R. J., et al. (1997). Event related potentials and performance of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: children and normals controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks. Biol Psychiatry; 41: 595- 611
KANDEL R., ERIC, SCHWARTZ H., JAMES y JESSELL M., Thomas (1997). Neurociencia y Conducta. Prentice Hall. Madrid, págs. 175 – 193.
LINDEN D. (2005). The P300: Where in the Brain Is It Produced and What Does It Tell Us?. Neuroscientist 11(6):563–576.
LINDHOLM E. y KORIATH J. J. (1985). Analysis of multiple event related potent ial components in a tone discr iminat ion task. Int J Psychophysiol;3:121–129.
MALONE M. A., KERSHNER J. R., SWANSON J. M. (1994). Hemispheric processing and methylphenidate effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 9 (2): 181-9.
MIRANDA A., JARQUE S., SORIANO M. (1999). Trastorno de hiperactividad con déficit de atención: polémicas actuales acerca de su definición, epidemiología, bases etiológicas y aproximaciones a la intervención. Rev Neurol; 28 (Supl 2): S 182-8.
MULDER G. (1986). The concept and measurement of mental effort. In G.R.J. Hockey, A.W.K. Gaillard, & M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Energetics and human information processing (pp. 175–198)
NÄÄTÄNEN R. y PICTON T. W. (1986). N2 and automatic versus controlled processes. In: McCallum WC, Zappoli R, Denoth F, editors. Cerebral psychophysiology: studies in event-related potentials (EEG Suppl 38), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 169–186.
NÄÄTÄNEN R. y PICTON T. W. (1987). The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology;24:375–425.
NÄÄTÄNEN R. (1990). The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences; 13:201-288.
OADES R. D. (1998). Frontal, temporal and lateralized brain function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a psychophysiological and neuropsychological viewpoint on development. Behav Brain Res;94:83–95
OFFORD D. R. et al. (1996) Integrating assessment data from multiple
informants. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35, 1078–1085.
OZDAG M.F., YORBIK O., ULAS U.H., HAMAMCIOGLU K., y VURAL O (2004). Effect of methylphenidate on auditory event related potential in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 68, 1267—1272. PINEDA D., ARDILA A., ROSSELLI M., ARIAS B.E., HENAO G.C., GÓMEZ L.F., MEJÍA S.E. & MIRANDA, M.L. (1999). Prevalence of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in 4 to 17-years-old children in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 455-462.
PINEDA D. A., LOPERA F., HENAO G. C., PALACIO J. D., CASTELLANOS F. X. (2001). Confirmación de la alta prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de la atención en una comunidad colombiana. Rev Neurol; 32(3):217-22.
PINEDA D. A., LOPERA F., PALACIO J. D., RAMIREZ D., HENAO G. C (2003). Estimaciones de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de la atención/hiperactividad: diagnósticos diferenciales y comorbilidades en una muestra colombiana. Int J Neurosci; 113 (1):49-71 PINEDA, David. Avances en la investigación del trastorno de atención con y sin hiperactividad. III Congreso Internacional de Cerebro y Mente; 2003 abril 22-25, Medellín, Colombia. Rev Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias 2003; 5 (1): 20-21
PLISZKA S. R. (2003). Non-stimulant treatment of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectr; 8(4):253-8.
POLANCZYK G., SILVA DE LIMA M., LESSA HORTA B., BIEDERMAN J., ROHDE L. A. (2007). The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Análisis. Am J Psychiatry; 164:942–948.
ROBAEY, P., BRETON, F., DUGAS, M., & RENAULT, B. (1992). An event-related potential study of controlled and automatic processes in 6-8-year-old boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82, 330–340.
SATTERFIELD J. H., CANTWELL D. P., LESSER L. I., PODOSIN R. L. (1972). Physiological studies of the hyperkinetic child. Am J Psychiatry;128:102–108.
SATTERFIELD, J.H., SCHELL, A.M., y NICHOLAS, T. (1994). Preferential neural processing of attended stimuli in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. Psychophysiology, 31, 1–10.
SMITH J. L., JOHNSTONE S. J., y BARRY R. J. (2003). Aiding diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its subtypes: discrimination function analysis of event-related potetnial data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44:7, 1067–1075.
SPENCER T. J., BIEDERMAN J., WILENS T. E., FARAONE S. V. (2002). Overview and neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry;63 (Suppl 12): 3-9.
SPITZER J.B. WILLIAMS M. y GIBBON M.B. (1990). First, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: Non-Patient Edition (SCID-NP, Version 1.0), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
STILL G. F. (1902) Ths Coulstonian lectures: some abnormal physical conditions in children; Lecture II. Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians. London.
TAYLOR M. J., VOROS J. G., LOGAN W. J., y MALONE M.A. (1993). Changes in event-related potentials with stimulant medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychology, 36, 139–156.
TODD R. D. y BOTTERON K. N. (2001) Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder an energy deficiency syndrome? Biol. Psychiatry; 50: 151–158.
VAN DER HEIJDEN A. H. C. (1992). Selective attention in vision. London: Routledge.
VAN DER MEERE, J.J. (1996). The role of attention. En S. Sandberg (Ed.), Hyperactivity disorders of childhood (pp. 111-148). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VAN LEEUWEN T. H., STEINHAUSEN H. C., OVERTOOM C. C., PASCUALMARQUI R. D., VAN'T KLOOSTER B., ROTHENBERGER A., SERGEANT J. A., y BRANDEIS D. (1998). The continuous performance test revisited with neuroelectric mapping: Impaired orienting in children with attention deficits. Behavioral Brain Research, 94, 97–110.
VERA A., RESTREPO F. y MOSCOSO O. H. (2007) Potenciales evocados cognitivos en trastorno por déficit atención/hiperactividad. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias; 7: 9-36.
VILLAR ALVAREZ L. F. (2001). Déficit De Atención Con/Sin Hiperactividad (ADHD): Tratamiento Farmacológico. Rev Psiquiatr Psicol Niño y Adolesc, 4(1): 103-110.
YORDANOVA J., KOLEV V., HEINRICH H., BANASCHEWSKI T., WOERNER W.,y ROTHENBERGER, A. (2000). Gamma band response in children is related to task-stimulus processing. Neuroreport, 11, 2325–2330.
American Academy of Pediatrics (2001). Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 108:1033-1044.
American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
BANASCHEWSKI T., BRANDEIS D., HEINRICH H., ALBRECHT B., BRUNNER E., y ROTHENBERGER A. (2003). Association of ADHD and conduct disorder - brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 (3),356–376.
BARKLEY R. A. (1990) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook of diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.
BARKLEY R. A. (1997) ADHD and the nature of selfcontrol. New York: Guilford.
BARRY R. J., Clarke A. R., Johnstone S. J. (2003a). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol;114:171–183.
BARRY R. J., JOHNSTONE S. J., CLARKE A. R. (2003b). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology 114 184–198.
BRANDEIS D., VAN LEEUWEN T.H., RUBIA K., VITACCO D., STEGER J., Pascual-Marqui R.D., y Steinhausen H.C. (1998). Neuroelectric mapping reveals precursor of stop failures in children with attention deficits. Behavioral Brain Research, 94, 111–125.
CALDERÓN OCAMPO J. H. y AMÉZQUITA MEDINA M. E. (2001). Elementos básicos para el abordaje de los trastornos mentales. Manizales, Colombia: Centro Editorial Universidad de Caldas; 541-563.
CASADO S. E. (2001). Déficit de atención con hiperactividad. aspectos generales. Rev Psiquiatr Psicol Niño y Adolesc, 4(1): 61-4.
CASTELLANOS F. X. y TANNOCK R. (2002). Neuroscience of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature reviews neuroscience; (3): 617 – 622.
CHIAPA K. H., ed. (1989). Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. New York: Raven Press.
CLEMENTS S. D. (1966) Minimal brain dysfunction in children. Terminology and Identification (USPH Publication No. 1415). Washington: Government Printing Office.
CONNERS C. K. (1979). Conners teacher reading scale (hyperkinesis index). Chicago: Abbott Laboratories.
CORDES M. y MCLAUGHLIN T. F. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and rating scales with a brief review of the Connors teacher rating scale. International Journal of Special Education 2004; 19 (2): 23 – 34.
DONCHIN E., y COLES M. G. (1988). Is the P300 component
DOUGLAS V. (1972). Stop, look and listen: the problem of sustained attention
impulse control in hyperactive and normal childre. Can J Behav Sci; 4: 159 – 82.
DUPAUL G., POWER T. J., ANASTOPOULOS A. D. y REID R. (1998). ADHDRating Scales DSM-IV for parents and teachers. New York: Guilford. FARRÉ-RIVA A. y NARBONA J. (1997) Escala de Conners en la evaluación del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad. Nuevo estudio de validación y análisis factorial en niños españoles. Rev Neurol; 25: 200-4. García-Ogueta M. I. (2001). Mecanismos atencionales y síndromes
neuropsicológicos. Rev Neurol; 32: 463-7.
HANSEN J. C. y HILLYARD S. A. (1988). Temporal dynamics of human auditory selective attention. Psychophysiology; 25:316–329.
HEGERL U. y JUCKEL G. (1993). Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission: a new hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry; 33:173–187.
IDIAZÁBAL M. A., PALENCIA-TABOADA A. B., SANGORRÍN J., ESPADALERGAMISSANS J. M. (2002). Potenciales evocados cognitivos en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol; 34: 301-5.
International Consensus Statement on ADHD (2002). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review; 5 (2): 89-111
JASPER H. H. (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol; 22: 497-507.
JONKMAN L. M., KEMNER C., VERBATEN M. N., KOELEGA H. S., CAMFFERMAN G., VD GAAG R. J., et al. (1997). Event related potentials and performance of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: children and normals controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks. Biol Psychiatry; 41: 595- 611
KANDEL R., ERIC, SCHWARTZ H., JAMES y JESSELL M., Thomas (1997). Neurociencia y Conducta. Prentice Hall. Madrid, págs. 175 – 193.
LINDEN D. (2005). The P300: Where in the Brain Is It Produced and What Does It Tell Us?. Neuroscientist 11(6):563–576.
LINDHOLM E. y KORIATH J. J. (1985). Analysis of multiple event related potent ial components in a tone discr iminat ion task. Int J Psychophysiol;3:121–129.
MALONE M. A., KERSHNER J. R., SWANSON J. M. (1994). Hemispheric processing and methylphenidate effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 9 (2): 181-9.
MIRANDA A., JARQUE S., SORIANO M. (1999). Trastorno de hiperactividad con déficit de atención: polémicas actuales acerca de su definición, epidemiología, bases etiológicas y aproximaciones a la intervención. Rev Neurol; 28 (Supl 2): S 182-8.
MULDER G. (1986). The concept and measurement of mental effort. In G.R.J. Hockey, A.W.K. Gaillard, & M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Energetics and human information processing (pp. 175–198)
NÄÄTÄNEN R. y PICTON T. W. (1986). N2 and automatic versus controlled processes. In: McCallum WC, Zappoli R, Denoth F, editors. Cerebral psychophysiology: studies in event-related potentials (EEG Suppl 38), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 169–186.
NÄÄTÄNEN R. y PICTON T. W. (1987). The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology;24:375–425.
NÄÄTÄNEN R. (1990). The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences; 13:201-288.
OADES R. D. (1998). Frontal, temporal and lateralized brain function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a psychophysiological and neuropsychological viewpoint on development. Behav Brain Res;94:83–95
OFFORD D. R. et al. (1996) Integrating assessment data from multiple
informants. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35, 1078–1085.
OZDAG M.F., YORBIK O., ULAS U.H., HAMAMCIOGLU K., y VURAL O (2004). Effect of methylphenidate on auditory event related potential in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 68, 1267—1272. PINEDA D., ARDILA A., ROSSELLI M., ARIAS B.E., HENAO G.C., GÓMEZ L.F., MEJÍA S.E. & MIRANDA, M.L. (1999). Prevalence of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in 4 to 17-years-old children in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 455-462.
PINEDA D. A., LOPERA F., HENAO G. C., PALACIO J. D., CASTELLANOS F. X. (2001). Confirmación de la alta prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de la atención en una comunidad colombiana. Rev Neurol; 32(3):217-22.
PINEDA D. A., LOPERA F., PALACIO J. D., RAMIREZ D., HENAO G. C (2003). Estimaciones de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de la atención/hiperactividad: diagnósticos diferenciales y comorbilidades en una muestra colombiana. Int J Neurosci; 113 (1):49-71 PINEDA, David. Avances en la investigación del trastorno de atención con y sin hiperactividad. III Congreso Internacional de Cerebro y Mente; 2003 abril 22-25, Medellín, Colombia. Rev Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias 2003; 5 (1): 20-21
PLISZKA S. R. (2003). Non-stimulant treatment of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectr; 8(4):253-8.
POLANCZYK G., SILVA DE LIMA M., LESSA HORTA B., BIEDERMAN J., ROHDE L. A. (2007). The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Análisis. Am J Psychiatry; 164:942–948.
ROBAEY, P., BRETON, F., DUGAS, M., & RENAULT, B. (1992). An event-related potential study of controlled and automatic processes in 6-8-year-old boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82, 330–340.
SATTERFIELD J. H., CANTWELL D. P., LESSER L. I., PODOSIN R. L. (1972). Physiological studies of the hyperkinetic child. Am J Psychiatry;128:102–108.
SATTERFIELD, J.H., SCHELL, A.M., y NICHOLAS, T. (1994). Preferential neural processing of attended stimuli in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. Psychophysiology, 31, 1–10.
SMITH J. L., JOHNSTONE S. J., y BARRY R. J. (2003). Aiding diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its subtypes: discrimination function analysis of event-related potetnial data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44:7, 1067–1075.
SPENCER T. J., BIEDERMAN J., WILENS T. E., FARAONE S. V. (2002). Overview and neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry;63 (Suppl 12): 3-9.
SPITZER J.B. WILLIAMS M. y GIBBON M.B. (1990). First, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: Non-Patient Edition (SCID-NP, Version 1.0), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
STILL G. F. (1902) Ths Coulstonian lectures: some abnormal physical conditions in children; Lecture II. Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians. London.
TAYLOR M. J., VOROS J. G., LOGAN W. J., y MALONE M.A. (1993). Changes in event-related potentials with stimulant medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychology, 36, 139–156.
TODD R. D. y BOTTERON K. N. (2001) Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder an energy deficiency syndrome? Biol. Psychiatry; 50: 151–158.
VAN DER HEIJDEN A. H. C. (1992). Selective attention in vision. London: Routledge.
VAN DER MEERE, J.J. (1996). The role of attention. En S. Sandberg (Ed.), Hyperactivity disorders of childhood (pp. 111-148). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VAN LEEUWEN T. H., STEINHAUSEN H. C., OVERTOOM C. C., PASCUALMARQUI R. D., VAN'T KLOOSTER B., ROTHENBERGER A., SERGEANT J. A., y BRANDEIS D. (1998). The continuous performance test revisited with neuroelectric mapping: Impaired orienting in children with attention deficits. Behavioral Brain Research, 94, 97–110.
VERA A., RESTREPO F. y MOSCOSO O. H. (2007) Potenciales evocados cognitivos en trastorno por déficit atención/hiperactividad. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias; 7: 9-36.
VILLAR ALVAREZ L. F. (2001). Déficit De Atención Con/Sin Hiperactividad (ADHD): Tratamiento Farmacológico. Rev Psiquiatr Psicol Niño y Adolesc, 4(1): 103-110.
YORDANOVA J., KOLEV V., HEINRICH H., BANASCHEWSKI T., WOERNER W.,y ROTHENBERGER, A. (2000). Gamma band response in children is related to task-stimulus processing. Neuroreport, 11, 2325–2330.
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