Motor skills and cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
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Sep 22, 2016
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Abstract
This document consists of three steps. Firstly, some conceptual aspects about motor skills and cognition are stated. Secondly, the aspects about the disorders of the motor development and their relations with the cognitive processes are showed, specially dealing with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Finally, some neurophysiological implications in psychomotor development disorders are developed and possible relations between the motor skills and ADHD are stated.
How to Cite
Vidarte Claros, J. A., Vélez Álvarez, C., Moscoso Ariza, O. H., & Restrepo de Mejía, F. (2016). Motor skills and cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). ÁNFORA, 17(28), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v17.n28.2010.103
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Keywords
Cognition, Movement Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Profile.
References
PARLEBAS, J.P. 2007. Juego, deporte y sociedad. Léxico de praxeología motriz. Edición 1. Paidotribo. Barcelona España
TRIGO, E. y COL. (2.000). Creatividad y motricidad. Madrid: Inde.
MURCIA, P. NAPOLEÓN OSPINA Héctor Fabio. (2007). Motricidad Humana yglobalización. En: Revista Hologramática, facultad de ciencias sociales, UNLZ, año 4 No. 6. (2007) 3-23.Buenos Aires. HURTADO, D.R. (2007) Corporeidad y motricidad, una forma de mirar los saberes del cuerpo. Educ. Soc., Campinas, vol. 29, n. 102, p. 119-136, jan./abr. 2008, Disponível em < >
FEITOSA, A. M. Contribuciones de Tomas Kuhn para una epistemología de la motricidad humana. Lisboa. Instituto Piaget. 1993.
MURCIA, N. (2006). Juan Luís Pintos: las relevancias y opacidades en los imaginarios sociales. En: Vida universitaria. Un estudio desde los imaginarios de maestros y estudiantes. Tesis doctoral. (pp.43-52). Manizales: CINDE Universidad de Manizales.
REY, A. y CANALES, I. 2007. Discurso Epistémico para una Ciencia de la Motricidad Cinta de Moebio 28: 104-123 http://www.cedes.unicamp.brwww.moebio.uchile.cl/28/rey.html TRIGO, E. y COL. (1999). Creatividad y motricidad. Madrid: Inde.
DA FONSECA (1989): Desenvolvimiento humano. Da filogénese á ontogénese da motricidade. Lisboa: Noticias.
WALLON, H. (1970). Les Origines du caractére Chez lEnfant, PUF, París.
LURIA, A. R. (1985). Consciencia y lenguaje. Pablo del Río, Madrid.
MAZET, P y HOUZAL , A. (1981) Le Sommeil de L'Enfant et ses Troubles. Presses. Universitaires de France, Iré édition, 127 Págs.
NEISSER, U. (1976) Psicología Cognoscitiva. Trillas.
PIEK, PITCHER y HAY. (1999). Motor coordination and kinaesthesis in boys with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. School of Psychology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
STEGER, J., IMHOF, K., GUNDELFINGER, R., STEINHAUSEN, HC., y BRANDEIS, D. (2001). Attentional and neuromotor deficits in ADHD. Dev Med Cild Neurol; 43: 172-9
LEUNG PWL, CONNOLLY KJ. (1998). Do hyperactive children have motor organization and/or execution deficits? Dev Med Child Neurol 1998; 40: 600-7. 10. Rutter M. Syndromes attributed to 'minimal brain dysfunction' in childhood. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 21-33
CASTROVIEJO, P. (2004). Síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad y capacidad para el deporte Revista de Neurología. Rev, Neurol; 38 (11): 1001-1005
BARKLEY, R. A., DUPAUL, G. J. y MCMURRAY, M. B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 6,775-789.
KADESJO, B. y GILBERT, C. (1988). Attention deficit and clumsiness in Swedish 7 year old children. Dev Med Chil Neurol 40: 796- 804. DOYLE, S., WALLEN, M. y WHITMONT, S. (1995). Motor Skills in Australian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Occup Ther Int; 2: 229-40.
ORJALES I. (2002) Programa de intervención cognitivo-conductual para niños con déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Madrid: CEPE.
BAUERMEISTER, J.J. (2002). Hiperactivo, Impulsivo, Distraído, ¿Me conoces?. Guía acerca del déficit atencional para padres, maestros y profesionales. Guilford: New York
YOCHMAN, ORNOY y PARUSH (2006) Co-occurrence of developmental delays among preschool children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 48 (6), 483–488.
LICARI, LARKIN y MIYAHARA (2006). The influence of developmental coordination disorder and attention deficits on associated movements in children. Feb, 25 (1):90-9 Epub
COLBY, C. L. (1991). The neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of attention. Journal of Child Neurology, 16, S90-S118
CASTELLANOS, F. X., GIEDD, J. N., ECKBURG, P., MARSH, W. L., VAITUZIS, C., KAYSEN, D., HAMBURGER, S. D. y RAPOPORT, J. L. (1994). Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology, 151, 12, 1791-1796.
CASTELLANOS, F. X., GIEDD, J. N., HAMBURGER, S. D, MARSH, W. L. y RAPOPORT, J. L. (1996a). Brain morphometry in Tourette syndrome, the influence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurology, 47, 1581-1583.
BARKLEY, R. A., GRODZINSKY, G. y DUPAUL, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163- 188
MILLER, EK. y COHEN J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci; 24: 167- 202.Milich, R., Hartung, C. M., Matin C. A.,y Haigler, E. D. (1995) Behavorial disinhibition and underlying processes in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. In Routh DK, ed. Disruptive behavior disorders in child-hood. New York: Plenum Press
FUSTER JM. (1988). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, phisiology and neuropsichology of the frontal lobe (2 on ed). New York: Raven; 1989.
PENNINGTON B. F. y OXONOFF, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J. Child Psychol Psychiatry; 37: 51-87.
BARKLEY, R. A. (1995). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Nueva York: Guilford Press.
CONNERS CK. y WELLS, KC. (1986). Hiperkinetic children: a neuropsychosocial approach. Beverly Hills; Sage.
DOUGLAS V. I. (1988). Cognitive deficits in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. En: Bloomingdale LM., Sergeeant J.,( eds.) Attention deficit disorder: criteria, cognition, intervention. New York; Pergamon Press.
STEIN, L., XUE, B.G. y BELLUZZI, J. D. (1993). A cellular analogue of operant conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 41-53.
GOGTAY, N., GIEED, J., LUSK, L., HAYASHI K., GREESTEIN D. y VAITUZIS, A. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during child-hood through early adulthood. Proc Na.
DIAMOND, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birt to young adulthood; cognitive function, anatomy, and biochemistry. In Struss DT, Knigth RT. Eds. Principles of frontal lobe function London; Oxford University Press; p. 466-503.
DIAMOND, A. (2004) La magnetoncefalografía para el diagnostico pedagógico del TDAH. En Rev. Neurol; 39: 183. 146 págs 125-149 VIDARTE CLAROS, José Armando y otros MOTRICIDAD Y COGNICIÓN EN EL DÉFICIT DE ATENCIÓN E HIPERACTIVIDAD TDAH
BROWWN,T., LUGAR H., COALSON, R., MIEZIN, F., y PETERSEN, S., (2005). Develpometal changes in human cerebral functional organization for word generation. Cereb Cortex; 15:275-90.
PENNINGTON B. F., Y OXONOFF, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J. Child Psychol Psychiatry; 37: 51-87.
BARKLEY, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. Nueva York: Guilford Press
TANNOCK, R. y SCHACHAR R. (1998) Executive dysfunction as an underlying mechanism of behavior and language problems in attention deficit hyperactivity dosroder. En: Beitchman JH, Cohen NJ, (EDS.)Language, learning and behavior disorders; developmental biological, and clinical perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. P. 128-55.
TANTILLO, KEISCK, HYND y DISHMAN (2002). Physical education and behaviour.Exploring the relationship between physical education and enhancing behaviour in pupils with emotional behavioural difficulties. Support for Learning 21 (4), 169–174.
PAPAZIAN, O., ALFONSO I. y LUZONDO, R. (2006) Trastornos de las funciones ejecutivas. Simposio de trastornos del desarrollo. Rev Neurol: 42 /supl 3): S45-S50.
BADELEY A., (1992). Working memory. Science. 255: 556-9.
CASEY, B. J. TOTTENHAMN, N. y FOSELLA, J. (2002). Imaging, Lesion and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Dev Psychobiol; 40: 237-54.
KAIL, R. (1991). Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence. Physichol Bull: 109: 490-501.
CABEZA, R. y NYBERT, L. (2000). Imaging cognition II: and empirical review of 275 PET and FMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci; 12: 1-47.
BECHARA A., DAMASIO, H. y DAMASIO, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex.Cerb Cortex; 10: 295-307.
CRONE, E. A. y VAN DER MOLEN, M. (2004). Development changes in real life decisión parking: performance on a gambling task previusly shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Dev Neuropsychol; 25: 251-79.
SHALLICE, P. W. y BURGESS, P. W. (1991) Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 114, 727-741.
HUGHES, RUSSELL y ROBBINS: (2004). Evidence for executive dysfunction, Rev Neuropsychol; 32: 477-92.
ROBBINS, W. (2001). Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res; 133: 130-8.
MILLER, EK. y COHEN J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci; 24: 167- 202.Milich, R., Hartung, C. M., Matin C. A. y Haigler, E. D. (1995) Behavorial disinhibition and underlying processes in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. In Routh DK, ed. Disruptive behavior disorders in child-hood. New York: Plenum Press.
SCHULTZ, J.H. (1998). lAnatomie daos la Psychanalyse in Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse Lieux du Corps. Gallimar, París.
GOLDMAN, R. Y RAKIC, P. S. (1998). Tomography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annuary Review of neuroscience, 11, 137-156.
SAGVOLDEN, JOHANSEN, AASE, Y RUSSELL, 2005). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway.
ARTIGAS-PALLARÉS, J. (2004). Nuevas opciones terapéuticas en el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención/ hiperactividad. Rev Neurol; 38 (supl 1):S117-S123.
LEMURA, VON DUVILLARD y MOOKERJEE (2000). The effects the physical training of functional capacity in adults, ages 66 to 90: A meta- analysis. Journal of sport Medicina and Physical Fitness 40 (1) 1-10
WINNICK, J. P. (2004). Educação Física e Esportes Adaptados. Barueri: Manole.
BARKLEY, R. A.(2002). Excessive dopamine transporter density in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessed by SPECT with [123 I] altropane. University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA.
VIDARTE, J.A., EZQUERRO, M. GIRALDEZ, MA (2009) Perfil psicomotor de los niños entre 5 y 12 años diagnosticados clínicamente con TDAH en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Revista de Neurología. Rev. Neurol: ;49 (2): 69-75
TRIGO, E. y COL. (2.000). Creatividad y motricidad. Madrid: Inde.
MURCIA, P. NAPOLEÓN OSPINA Héctor Fabio. (2007). Motricidad Humana yglobalización. En: Revista Hologramática, facultad de ciencias sociales, UNLZ, año 4 No. 6. (2007) 3-23.Buenos Aires. HURTADO, D.R. (2007) Corporeidad y motricidad, una forma de mirar los saberes del cuerpo. Educ. Soc., Campinas, vol. 29, n. 102, p. 119-136, jan./abr. 2008, Disponível em < >
FEITOSA, A. M. Contribuciones de Tomas Kuhn para una epistemología de la motricidad humana. Lisboa. Instituto Piaget. 1993.
MURCIA, N. (2006). Juan Luís Pintos: las relevancias y opacidades en los imaginarios sociales. En: Vida universitaria. Un estudio desde los imaginarios de maestros y estudiantes. Tesis doctoral. (pp.43-52). Manizales: CINDE Universidad de Manizales.
REY, A. y CANALES, I. 2007. Discurso Epistémico para una Ciencia de la Motricidad Cinta de Moebio 28: 104-123 http://www.cedes.unicamp.brwww.moebio.uchile.cl/28/rey.html TRIGO, E. y COL. (1999). Creatividad y motricidad. Madrid: Inde.
DA FONSECA (1989): Desenvolvimiento humano. Da filogénese á ontogénese da motricidade. Lisboa: Noticias.
WALLON, H. (1970). Les Origines du caractére Chez lEnfant, PUF, París.
LURIA, A. R. (1985). Consciencia y lenguaje. Pablo del Río, Madrid.
MAZET, P y HOUZAL , A. (1981) Le Sommeil de L'Enfant et ses Troubles. Presses. Universitaires de France, Iré édition, 127 Págs.
NEISSER, U. (1976) Psicología Cognoscitiva. Trillas.
PIEK, PITCHER y HAY. (1999). Motor coordination and kinaesthesis in boys with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. School of Psychology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
STEGER, J., IMHOF, K., GUNDELFINGER, R., STEINHAUSEN, HC., y BRANDEIS, D. (2001). Attentional and neuromotor deficits in ADHD. Dev Med Cild Neurol; 43: 172-9
LEUNG PWL, CONNOLLY KJ. (1998). Do hyperactive children have motor organization and/or execution deficits? Dev Med Child Neurol 1998; 40: 600-7. 10. Rutter M. Syndromes attributed to 'minimal brain dysfunction' in childhood. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 21-33
CASTROVIEJO, P. (2004). Síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad y capacidad para el deporte Revista de Neurología. Rev, Neurol; 38 (11): 1001-1005
BARKLEY, R. A., DUPAUL, G. J. y MCMURRAY, M. B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 6,775-789.
KADESJO, B. y GILBERT, C. (1988). Attention deficit and clumsiness in Swedish 7 year old children. Dev Med Chil Neurol 40: 796- 804. DOYLE, S., WALLEN, M. y WHITMONT, S. (1995). Motor Skills in Australian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Occup Ther Int; 2: 229-40.
ORJALES I. (2002) Programa de intervención cognitivo-conductual para niños con déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Madrid: CEPE.
BAUERMEISTER, J.J. (2002). Hiperactivo, Impulsivo, Distraído, ¿Me conoces?. Guía acerca del déficit atencional para padres, maestros y profesionales. Guilford: New York
YOCHMAN, ORNOY y PARUSH (2006) Co-occurrence of developmental delays among preschool children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 48 (6), 483–488.
LICARI, LARKIN y MIYAHARA (2006). The influence of developmental coordination disorder and attention deficits on associated movements in children. Feb, 25 (1):90-9 Epub
COLBY, C. L. (1991). The neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of attention. Journal of Child Neurology, 16, S90-S118
CASTELLANOS, F. X., GIEDD, J. N., ECKBURG, P., MARSH, W. L., VAITUZIS, C., KAYSEN, D., HAMBURGER, S. D. y RAPOPORT, J. L. (1994). Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology, 151, 12, 1791-1796.
CASTELLANOS, F. X., GIEDD, J. N., HAMBURGER, S. D, MARSH, W. L. y RAPOPORT, J. L. (1996a). Brain morphometry in Tourette syndrome, the influence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurology, 47, 1581-1583.
BARKLEY, R. A., GRODZINSKY, G. y DUPAUL, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163- 188
MILLER, EK. y COHEN J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci; 24: 167- 202.Milich, R., Hartung, C. M., Matin C. A.,y Haigler, E. D. (1995) Behavorial disinhibition and underlying processes in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. In Routh DK, ed. Disruptive behavior disorders in child-hood. New York: Plenum Press
FUSTER JM. (1988). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, phisiology and neuropsichology of the frontal lobe (2 on ed). New York: Raven; 1989.
PENNINGTON B. F. y OXONOFF, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J. Child Psychol Psychiatry; 37: 51-87.
BARKLEY, R. A. (1995). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Nueva York: Guilford Press.
CONNERS CK. y WELLS, KC. (1986). Hiperkinetic children: a neuropsychosocial approach. Beverly Hills; Sage.
DOUGLAS V. I. (1988). Cognitive deficits in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. En: Bloomingdale LM., Sergeeant J.,( eds.) Attention deficit disorder: criteria, cognition, intervention. New York; Pergamon Press.
STEIN, L., XUE, B.G. y BELLUZZI, J. D. (1993). A cellular analogue of operant conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 41-53.
GOGTAY, N., GIEED, J., LUSK, L., HAYASHI K., GREESTEIN D. y VAITUZIS, A. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during child-hood through early adulthood. Proc Na.
DIAMOND, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birt to young adulthood; cognitive function, anatomy, and biochemistry. In Struss DT, Knigth RT. Eds. Principles of frontal lobe function London; Oxford University Press; p. 466-503.
DIAMOND, A. (2004) La magnetoncefalografía para el diagnostico pedagógico del TDAH. En Rev. Neurol; 39: 183. 146 págs 125-149 VIDARTE CLAROS, José Armando y otros MOTRICIDAD Y COGNICIÓN EN EL DÉFICIT DE ATENCIÓN E HIPERACTIVIDAD TDAH
BROWWN,T., LUGAR H., COALSON, R., MIEZIN, F., y PETERSEN, S., (2005). Develpometal changes in human cerebral functional organization for word generation. Cereb Cortex; 15:275-90.
PENNINGTON B. F., Y OXONOFF, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J. Child Psychol Psychiatry; 37: 51-87.
BARKLEY, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. Nueva York: Guilford Press
TANNOCK, R. y SCHACHAR R. (1998) Executive dysfunction as an underlying mechanism of behavior and language problems in attention deficit hyperactivity dosroder. En: Beitchman JH, Cohen NJ, (EDS.)Language, learning and behavior disorders; developmental biological, and clinical perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. P. 128-55.
TANTILLO, KEISCK, HYND y DISHMAN (2002). Physical education and behaviour.Exploring the relationship between physical education and enhancing behaviour in pupils with emotional behavioural difficulties. Support for Learning 21 (4), 169–174.
PAPAZIAN, O., ALFONSO I. y LUZONDO, R. (2006) Trastornos de las funciones ejecutivas. Simposio de trastornos del desarrollo. Rev Neurol: 42 /supl 3): S45-S50.
BADELEY A., (1992). Working memory. Science. 255: 556-9.
CASEY, B. J. TOTTENHAMN, N. y FOSELLA, J. (2002). Imaging, Lesion and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Dev Psychobiol; 40: 237-54.
KAIL, R. (1991). Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence. Physichol Bull: 109: 490-501.
CABEZA, R. y NYBERT, L. (2000). Imaging cognition II: and empirical review of 275 PET and FMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci; 12: 1-47.
BECHARA A., DAMASIO, H. y DAMASIO, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex.Cerb Cortex; 10: 295-307.
CRONE, E. A. y VAN DER MOLEN, M. (2004). Development changes in real life decisión parking: performance on a gambling task previusly shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Dev Neuropsychol; 25: 251-79.
SHALLICE, P. W. y BURGESS, P. W. (1991) Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 114, 727-741.
HUGHES, RUSSELL y ROBBINS: (2004). Evidence for executive dysfunction, Rev Neuropsychol; 32: 477-92.
ROBBINS, W. (2001). Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res; 133: 130-8.
MILLER, EK. y COHEN J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci; 24: 167- 202.Milich, R., Hartung, C. M., Matin C. A. y Haigler, E. D. (1995) Behavorial disinhibition and underlying processes in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. In Routh DK, ed. Disruptive behavior disorders in child-hood. New York: Plenum Press.
SCHULTZ, J.H. (1998). lAnatomie daos la Psychanalyse in Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse Lieux du Corps. Gallimar, París.
GOLDMAN, R. Y RAKIC, P. S. (1998). Tomography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annuary Review of neuroscience, 11, 137-156.
SAGVOLDEN, JOHANSEN, AASE, Y RUSSELL, 2005). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway.
ARTIGAS-PALLARÉS, J. (2004). Nuevas opciones terapéuticas en el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención/ hiperactividad. Rev Neurol; 38 (supl 1):S117-S123.
LEMURA, VON DUVILLARD y MOOKERJEE (2000). The effects the physical training of functional capacity in adults, ages 66 to 90: A meta- analysis. Journal of sport Medicina and Physical Fitness 40 (1) 1-10
WINNICK, J. P. (2004). Educação Física e Esportes Adaptados. Barueri: Manole.
BARKLEY, R. A.(2002). Excessive dopamine transporter density in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessed by SPECT with [123 I] altropane. University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA.
VIDARTE, J.A., EZQUERRO, M. GIRALDEZ, MA (2009) Perfil psicomotor de los niños entre 5 y 12 años diagnosticados clínicamente con TDAH en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Revista de Neurología. Rev. Neurol: ;49 (2): 69-75
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