Social Capital and Poverty in Ecuador, 2010-2012
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Published
Sep 13, 2016
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Abstract
Objective: To statistically demonstrate how Social Capital contributes to reducing the probability of a household being poor in Ecuador, between 2010 and 2012. Social networks are considered one of the factors that minimize the exposure of households to poverty. This cohesion phenomenon is called Social Capital.
Methodology: the study has a quantitative approach. A probabilistic model was used to determine the relationship between being poor and the participation of household in social networks. Data was analyzed from the section about social participation in household surveys conducted between 2010 and 2012 in Ecuador.
Results: No statistical evidence was found that supported the theory that Social Capital is a variable that contributes to reduce poverty. Nevertheless, the continuous reduction in the probability of Ecuadorian households being poor was evident, controlled by a wide variety of socio-economic variables, such as the education of the head of a household, household structure, and the location and age of the head of the household, amongst others.
Conclusions: Social cohesion is not a factor by which households from Ecuador can overcome poverty, which can be a negative factor in the implementation of social programs involving the community.
How to Cite
Botello Peñaloza, H. A. (2016). Social Capital and Poverty in Ecuador, 2010-2012. ÁNFORA, 20(35), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v20.n35.2013.45
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Keywords
Social Capital, Community Participation, Monetary poverty, Probit model, Logit model.
References
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Alkire, S., y Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics 95(7), 476–487.
Arriagada, I. (2005). Aprender de la experiencia: el capital social en la superación de la pobreza. CEPAL.
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Bourguignon, F., y Chakravarty, S. R. (2003). The measurement of multidimensional poverty. The Journal of Economic Inequality 1(1), 25–49.
Carrizosa, M. (1987). Evolución y Determinantes de la Pobreza en Colombia. El Problema Laboral Colombiano. Bogotá: SENA, DNP, Contraloría General de la República.
Caughy, M. O., y O’Campo, P. J. (2006). Neighborhood poverty, social capital, and the cognitive development of African American preschoolers. American Journal of Community Psycholog y 37(1-2), 141–154. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-9001-8
Conferencia Económica para América Latina, CEPAL (2010). Panorama Social de América Latina.
Chantarat, S., y Barrett, C. B. (2012). Social network capital, economic mobility and poverty traps. Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(3), 299–342. doi:10.1007/s10888-011-9164-5
Cleaver, F. (2005). The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic poverty. World Development, 33(6), 893-906.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociolog y, S95-S120.
Collier, P. (2002). Social capital and poverty: a microeconomic perspective. En The role of social capital in development. An empirical assessment, (19-41).
Cortés, F. (1997). Determinantes de la pobreza de los hogares. México, 1992. Revista mexicana de sociología, 131-160.
Das, R. J. (2004). Social capital and poverty of the wage-labour class: problems with the social capital theory. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(1), 27-45. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00112.x
Dasgupta, P. (2000). Economic progress and the idea of social capital. Social capital. A multifaceted perspective, 325-424.
Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. E., y Younger, S. D. (2006). Robust multidimensional poverty comparisons. The economic journal, 116(514), 943–968.
Galvis, L. A. (2010). Diferencias salariales por género y región en Colombia: una aproximación con regresión por cuantiles (Wage Gap by Gender and Region in Colombia: A Quantile Regression Approach). Available at SSRN 1860356.
García-Suaza, A. F., Guataquí, J. C., Guerra, J. A., y Maldonado, D. (2011). Beyond the Mincer equation: the internal rate of return to higher education in Colombia. Education Economics, (ahead-of-print), 1-17.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociolog y, 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American journal of sociolog y, 481-510.
Granovetter, M. S. (1995). The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs. En A. Portes. The Economic Sociolog y of Immigration (pp. 128 – 65). New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Grazzi, M. (2010). Infraestructura, crecimiento económico y pobreza: ¿ Por qué es clave invertir en infraestructura en Venezuela? (No. 79103). Inter-American Development Bank.
Gil-Lacruz, M., y Gil-Lacruz, A. I. (2006). Capital humano y capital social, implicaciones en el crecimiento económico. Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, (61), 93-104.
Grooteart, C., (1999), Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia. World Bank Social Capital Initiative. Discussion Paper.
Grooteart, C. (2001). The missing link? Social capital and participation in everyday life, 8.
Grooteart, C., y Narayan, D., (2004). Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia. World Development: 32(7), 1179-1198.
Hall, G., y Patrinos, H. A. (2005). Pueblos indígenas, pobreza y desarrollo humano en América Latina: 1994-2004. Ed: Banco Mundial.
Hassan, R., y Birungi, P. (2011). Social capital and poverty in Uganda. Development Southern Africa, 28(1), 19–37. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2011.545168.
Knack, S. (2002). Social capital, growth and poverty: A survey of cross-country evidence. The role of social capital in development: An empirical assessment, 42–82.
Knack y Keefer (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, (112), 1251–88.
Lahn, J. (2012). Poverty, Work and Social Networks: The Role of Social Capital for Aboriginal People in Urban Australian Locales. Urban Policy and Research, 30(3), 293–308. doi:10.1080/08111146.2012.673483
Londoño J. L. (1997) Violencia, Psychis y Capital social. Segunda conferencia Anual de desarrollo Económico. Banco Mundial. Washington
Medina, E. (2003). Modelos de elección discreta. Publicaciones Económicas, 26. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Méndez, A. N., y Jaramillo, C. R. (2002). Determinantes de la pobreza en Colombia: años recientes. United Nations Publications.
Mideros, M. (2012). Ecuador: Definición y medición multidimensional de la pobreza, 2006-2010. Revista CEPAL (108). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)
Narayan, D. (1997). Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania. En Banco Mundial. Desarrollo Ambientalmente Sostenible. Monografía No. 20. Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial.
Narayan, D., y Pritchett, L. (1999). Cents and sociability: Household income and social capital in rural Tanzania. Economic development and cultural change, 47(4), 871–897.
Núñez, J., Ramírez, J. C., y Cuesta, L. (2005). Determinantes de la pobreza en Colombia, 1996-2004. Documento CEDE, 60.
Núñez, J., y Espinosa, S. (2005). Determinantes de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad. Misión para el diseño de una estrategia para la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad. Departamento Nacional de Planeación.
Pérez, G. J. (2005). Dimensión espacial de la pobreza en Colombia. Documentos de trabajo sobre economía regional, (54).
Pérez, C. (2004). Técnicas de análisis multivariante de datos. Aplicaciones con SPSS. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ponce, J., y Bedi, A. S. (2010). The impact of a cash transfer program on cognitive achievement: The Bono de Desarrollo Humano of Ecuador.Economics of Education. Review, 29 (1), 116-125.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, R. D. (2001). Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences. Canadian Journal of Policy Research. Spring
Restrepo, P. R. (1998). Capital social, crecimiento económico y políticas públicas. Lecturas de economía, (48), 33-66.
Rivera, J. (2013). Teoría y práctica de la discriminación en el mercado laboral ecuatoriano (2007-2012). Analítika, 5(1), 3-18.
Rodrik, D. (1997). Trade, social insurance, and the limits to globalization (No. w5905). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of political Economy, S71- S102.
Saracostti, M. (2010). Social capital as a strategy to overcome poverty in Latin America - An overview. International Social Work, 50(4), 515. doi:10.1177/0020872807077911
Schneider, J. A. (2005). Getting beyond the training vs. work experience debate: The role of labor markets, social capital, cultural capital, and community resources in long-term poverty. Journal of Women Politics y Policy, 27(3-4), 41–53. doi:10.1300/J501v27n03_04
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: University Press
Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), 312-320.
Solow, R. M. (2000). Notes on social capital and economic performance. Social capital: A multifaceted perspective, 6(10). Recuperado de http://books.google.es/books?hl=enylr=yid=6PZ8bvQQmxECyoi=fndypg=PA6ydq=related:EYQ5M5WU5RwJ:scholar.google.com/yots=EGpeHhiKSnysig=hqg571fGExgeM0mBAZPSEJfIGpE
Tsui, K. (2002). Multidimensional poverty indices. Social Choice and Welfare, 19(1), 69-93.
Woolcock, M., y Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The world bank research observer, 15(2), 225.
Alkire, S., y Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics 95(7), 476–487.
Arriagada, I. (2005). Aprender de la experiencia: el capital social en la superación de la pobreza. CEPAL.
Banco Central de Ecuador (BCE) (junio, 2012) Boletín Anuario N° 34. Edición Electrónica Recuperado de: http://www.bce.fin.ec/frame.php?CNT=ARB0000006.
Banco Mundial (1990). Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial 1990. La pobreza; Report on world development 1990. Poverty (13). Banco Mundial.
Bourguignon, F., y Chakravarty, S. R. (2003). The measurement of multidimensional poverty. The Journal of Economic Inequality 1(1), 25–49.
Carrizosa, M. (1987). Evolución y Determinantes de la Pobreza en Colombia. El Problema Laboral Colombiano. Bogotá: SENA, DNP, Contraloría General de la República.
Caughy, M. O., y O’Campo, P. J. (2006). Neighborhood poverty, social capital, and the cognitive development of African American preschoolers. American Journal of Community Psycholog y 37(1-2), 141–154. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-9001-8
Conferencia Económica para América Latina, CEPAL (2010). Panorama Social de América Latina.
Chantarat, S., y Barrett, C. B. (2012). Social network capital, economic mobility and poverty traps. Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(3), 299–342. doi:10.1007/s10888-011-9164-5
Cleaver, F. (2005). The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic poverty. World Development, 33(6), 893-906.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociolog y, S95-S120.
Collier, P. (2002). Social capital and poverty: a microeconomic perspective. En The role of social capital in development. An empirical assessment, (19-41).
Cortés, F. (1997). Determinantes de la pobreza de los hogares. México, 1992. Revista mexicana de sociología, 131-160.
Das, R. J. (2004). Social capital and poverty of the wage-labour class: problems with the social capital theory. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(1), 27-45. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00112.x
Dasgupta, P. (2000). Economic progress and the idea of social capital. Social capital. A multifaceted perspective, 325-424.
Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. E., y Younger, S. D. (2006). Robust multidimensional poverty comparisons. The economic journal, 116(514), 943–968.
Galvis, L. A. (2010). Diferencias salariales por género y región en Colombia: una aproximación con regresión por cuantiles (Wage Gap by Gender and Region in Colombia: A Quantile Regression Approach). Available at SSRN 1860356.
García-Suaza, A. F., Guataquí, J. C., Guerra, J. A., y Maldonado, D. (2011). Beyond the Mincer equation: the internal rate of return to higher education in Colombia. Education Economics, (ahead-of-print), 1-17.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociolog y, 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American journal of sociolog y, 481-510.
Granovetter, M. S. (1995). The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs. En A. Portes. The Economic Sociolog y of Immigration (pp. 128 – 65). New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Grazzi, M. (2010). Infraestructura, crecimiento económico y pobreza: ¿ Por qué es clave invertir en infraestructura en Venezuela? (No. 79103). Inter-American Development Bank.
Gil-Lacruz, M., y Gil-Lacruz, A. I. (2006). Capital humano y capital social, implicaciones en el crecimiento económico. Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, (61), 93-104.
Grooteart, C., (1999), Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia. World Bank Social Capital Initiative. Discussion Paper.
Grooteart, C. (2001). The missing link? Social capital and participation in everyday life, 8.
Grooteart, C., y Narayan, D., (2004). Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia. World Development: 32(7), 1179-1198.
Hall, G., y Patrinos, H. A. (2005). Pueblos indígenas, pobreza y desarrollo humano en América Latina: 1994-2004. Ed: Banco Mundial.
Hassan, R., y Birungi, P. (2011). Social capital and poverty in Uganda. Development Southern Africa, 28(1), 19–37. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2011.545168.
Knack, S. (2002). Social capital, growth and poverty: A survey of cross-country evidence. The role of social capital in development: An empirical assessment, 42–82.
Knack y Keefer (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, (112), 1251–88.
Lahn, J. (2012). Poverty, Work and Social Networks: The Role of Social Capital for Aboriginal People in Urban Australian Locales. Urban Policy and Research, 30(3), 293–308. doi:10.1080/08111146.2012.673483
Londoño J. L. (1997) Violencia, Psychis y Capital social. Segunda conferencia Anual de desarrollo Económico. Banco Mundial. Washington
Medina, E. (2003). Modelos de elección discreta. Publicaciones Económicas, 26. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Méndez, A. N., y Jaramillo, C. R. (2002). Determinantes de la pobreza en Colombia: años recientes. United Nations Publications.
Mideros, M. (2012). Ecuador: Definición y medición multidimensional de la pobreza, 2006-2010. Revista CEPAL (108). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)
Narayan, D. (1997). Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania. En Banco Mundial. Desarrollo Ambientalmente Sostenible. Monografía No. 20. Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial.
Narayan, D., y Pritchett, L. (1999). Cents and sociability: Household income and social capital in rural Tanzania. Economic development and cultural change, 47(4), 871–897.
Núñez, J., Ramírez, J. C., y Cuesta, L. (2005). Determinantes de la pobreza en Colombia, 1996-2004. Documento CEDE, 60.
Núñez, J., y Espinosa, S. (2005). Determinantes de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad. Misión para el diseño de una estrategia para la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad. Departamento Nacional de Planeación.
Pérez, G. J. (2005). Dimensión espacial de la pobreza en Colombia. Documentos de trabajo sobre economía regional, (54).
Pérez, C. (2004). Técnicas de análisis multivariante de datos. Aplicaciones con SPSS. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ponce, J., y Bedi, A. S. (2010). The impact of a cash transfer program on cognitive achievement: The Bono de Desarrollo Humano of Ecuador.Economics of Education. Review, 29 (1), 116-125.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, R. D. (2001). Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences. Canadian Journal of Policy Research. Spring
Restrepo, P. R. (1998). Capital social, crecimiento económico y políticas públicas. Lecturas de economía, (48), 33-66.
Rivera, J. (2013). Teoría y práctica de la discriminación en el mercado laboral ecuatoriano (2007-2012). Analítika, 5(1), 3-18.
Rodrik, D. (1997). Trade, social insurance, and the limits to globalization (No. w5905). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of political Economy, S71- S102.
Saracostti, M. (2010). Social capital as a strategy to overcome poverty in Latin America - An overview. International Social Work, 50(4), 515. doi:10.1177/0020872807077911
Schneider, J. A. (2005). Getting beyond the training vs. work experience debate: The role of labor markets, social capital, cultural capital, and community resources in long-term poverty. Journal of Women Politics y Policy, 27(3-4), 41–53. doi:10.1300/J501v27n03_04
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: University Press
Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), 312-320.
Solow, R. M. (2000). Notes on social capital and economic performance. Social capital: A multifaceted perspective, 6(10). Recuperado de http://books.google.es/books?hl=enylr=yid=6PZ8bvQQmxECyoi=fndypg=PA6ydq=related:EYQ5M5WU5RwJ:scholar.google.com/yots=EGpeHhiKSnysig=hqg571fGExgeM0mBAZPSEJfIGpE
Tsui, K. (2002). Multidimensional poverty indices. Social Choice and Welfare, 19(1), 69-93.
Woolcock, M., y Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The world bank research observer, 15(2), 225.
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