La relación entre cultura y cognición: nuevas perspectivas para viejos problemas
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Jan 1, 2025
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Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo de reflexión es mostrar un panorama general de las teorías y enfoques que han abordado la relación entre cognición y cultura, desde los modelos clásicos hasta los más recientes, con el fin de discutir la relevancia de los marcos ecoculturales contemporáneos y su aplicación en estudios sobre contextos interculturales. Metodología: se parte de un recorrido histórico de las teorías antropológicas cognitivistas, y su articulación con la psicología cultural y diferencial a partir de la noción de estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia-Independencia de Campo (DIC). Resultados: se discuten las implicaciones científicas de analizar las diferencias culturales e individuales de forma aislada, y se propone retomar los modelos ecoculturales de la psicología transcultural para abordar la complejidad de los fenómenos cognitivos. Conclusiones: en conclusión, se evidencia el enorme potencial del modelo ecocultural en la descripción de las influencias culturales en la cognición, al utilizar el estilo como indicador del funcionamiento cognitivo del individuo.
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Chaves Castaño, J., & Hederich-Martínez, C. (2025). La relación entre cultura y cognición:: nuevas perspectivas para viejos problemas. ÁNFORA, 32(58), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v32.n58.2025.1111
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cognición, cultura, estilos cognitivos, modelo ecocultural, estudios interculturales
Referencias
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Baess, P., Ecker, U. K. H., Janssen, S. M. J., Jin, Z., & Bermeitinger, C. (2022). What Simon “knows” About Cultural Differences: The Influence of Cultural Orientation and Traffic Directionality on Spatial Compatibility Effects. Memory & Cognition, 51, 526–542. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-022-01360-9
Bagley, C. (1988). Cognitive Style and Cultural Adaptation in Blackfoot, Japanese, Jamaican, Italian and Anglo-Celtic Children in Canada. En G. K. Verma & C. Bagley (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality, Attitudes and Cognition (pp. 143-159). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_6
Bagley, C. (1995). Field Independence in Children in Group-Oriented Cultures: Comparisons from China, Japan, and North America. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(4), 523-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9712221
Berlin, B., & Key, P. (1969). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. University of California Press.
Berry, J. W. (1971) Ecological and Cultural Factors in Spatial Perceptual Development. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 3(4), 324-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082275
Berry, J. W. (1979). Human Ecology and Cognitive Style: Comparative Studies in Cultural and Psychological Adaptation. Sage Publications.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Ecology, Culture, and Behavior: Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Psychology. In H. C. Triandis & W. W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 135-207). Allyn & Bacon.
Berry, J. W. (1983). Conceptual Approaches to Acculturation. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 232-253). Sage Publications.
Berry, J. W. (2022a). Family and Youth Development: Some Concepts and Findings Linked to The Ecocultural and Acculturation Models. Societies, 12(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12060181
Berry, J. W. (2022b). The Forgotten Field: Contexts for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(7-8), 993-1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221093810
Bieri, F. (1960) Paternal Indentification. Acceptance of Authority, and Within-Sex Differences in Cognitive Behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044591
Blount, B. G. (2011). A History of Cognitive Anthropology. En David B. Kronenfeld, Giovanni Bennardo, Victor C. de Munck, Michael D. Fischer (Eds.), A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology (pp. 9-29). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological Systems Theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 185–246.
Busse, T. V. (1969). Child-Rearing Antecedents of Flexible Thinking. Developmental Psychology, 1(5), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027978
Claeys, W., & DeBoeck, P. (1976). The Influence of Some Parental Characteristics on Children's Primary Abilities and Field Independence: A Study of Adopted Children. Child development, 47(3), 842–845. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128204
Dasen, P. R. (2022). Culture and Cognitive Development. Cultural Psychology, 53(7-8), 789-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221092409
Dasen, P. R., & Mishra, R. C. (2000). Cross-Cultural Views on Human Development in the Third Millennium. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(4), 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502500750037973
Dasen, P. R., & Mishra, R. C. (2013). Cultural Differences in Cognitive Styles. En B. R. Kar (Ed.), Cognition and Brain Development: Converging Evidence from Various Methodologies (pp. 231-249). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/14043-012
Dasen, P. R., Mishra, R. C., & Wassmann, J. (2018). Quasi-Experimental Research in Culture Sensitive Psychology. Culture and Psychology, 24(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18779043
Dyk, R. B., & Witkin, H. A. (1965). Family Experiences Related to the Development of Differentiation in Children. Child Development, 36(1), 21-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126779
Hederich-Martínez, C. (2007). Estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de dependenciaindependencia de campo. Influencias culturales e implicaciones para la educación (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España.
Hederich-Martínez, C. y Camargo, Á. (1995). Diferencias cognitivas y subculturas en Colombia. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional.
Hederich-Martínez, C. & Camargo, A. (1999) Estilos cognitivos en Colombia. Resultados en cinco regiones culturales colombianas. Bogotá: Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Centro de Investigaciones (CIUP) - Colciencias.
Hederich-Martínez, C. y Camargo, Á. (2001). Estilo cognitivo y logro académico en la ciudad de Bogotá. Revista Colombiana de Educación, 40-41, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.17227/01203916.7782
Hederich-Martínez, C., Camargo-Uribe, A., Taborda-Chaurra, J., Tobón-V, G. del C., y Zuluaga, J. B. (2022). Estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de dependenciaindependencia de campo de estudiantes universitarios del área de Manizales. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 26(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.14718/acp.2023.26.1.2
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The WEIRDest People in the World. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152x
Holland, D., & Quinn, N. (Eds.). (1987). Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607660
Holzman, P. S., & Klein, G. S. (1954). Cognitive System Principles of Leveling and Shapering. Individual Differences in Visual-Time Error Assimilation Effects. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 37, 105–122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1954.9916135
Kagan, J. (1966). Reflection-Impulrivity: The Generality and Dynamics of Conceptual Tempo. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886
Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1910). Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures. Librairies Félix Alcan et Guillaumin Réunies. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k752961
Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1922). La mentalité primitive. Librairie Félix Alcan. Lacko, D., Šašinka, Č., Čeněk, J., Stachoň, Z., & Lu, W.-l. (2020). Cross-CulturalDifferences in Cognitive Style, Individualism/Collectivism and Map Reading Between Central European and East Asian University Students. Studia Psychologica, 62(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2020.01.789
Lynn, D. B. (1962). Sex-Role and Parental Identification. Child Development, 33(3), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126656
Masuda, T., Shi, S., Varma, P., Fisher, D., & Shirazi, S. (2022). Do Surrounding People’s Emotions Affect Judgment of the Central Person’s Emotion? Comparing Within Cultural Variation in Holistic Patterns of Emotion Perception in the Multicultural Canadian Society. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.886971
Mead, M. (1973). Sexo y temperamento en las sociedades primitivas. Laia.
Muhammad, T., Daniel, E. G. S., & Abdurauf, R. A. (2015). Cognitive Styles Field Dependence/Independence and Scientific Achievement of Male and Female Students of Zamfara State College of Education Maru, Nigeria. Journal of
Education and Practice, 6(10), 58-63. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1081653
Onyekuru, B. U. (2015). Field Dependence-Field Independence Cognitive Style, Gender, Career Choice and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(10), 76-85. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/21440/22147
Reynoso, C. (1986). Teoría, historia y crítica de la antropología cognitiva: Una propuesta sistemática. Ediciones Búsqueda-Yuchán.
Rosch, E., Mervis, C., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Brahem, P. (1976). Basic Objects in Naturals Categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8(3), 382-439. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/001002857690013X
Senzaki, S., Masuda, T., & Nand, K. (2014). Holistic Versus Analytic Expressions in Artworks: Cross-Cultural Differences and Similarities in Drawings and Collages by Canadian and Japanese School-Age Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(8), 1297-1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114537704
Thurstone, L.L. (1944). A Factorial Study of Perception. Psychometric. University Press.
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. J. Murray.
Witkin, H. A. (1967). A Cognitive-Style Approach to Cross-Cultural Research. International Journal of Psychology, 2(4), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207596708247220
Witkin, H. & Asch, S.C. (1948). Studies in Space Orientation. III Perception of the Upright in the Absence of a Visual Field. Journal Experimental Psychology, 38(5), 603-614. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055372
Witkin, H. A., & Berry, J. W. (1975). Psychological Diferentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1975(1), 1-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1975.tb01043.x
Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Fattuson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development. Wiley.
Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1985). Estilos cognitivos: Naturaleza y orígenes. Pirámide.
Witkin, H. A., Lewis, H. B., Hertzman, M., Machover, K., Meissner, P. B., & Wapner, S. (1954). Personality Through Perception: An Experimental and Clinical Study. Harper.
Baess, P., Ecker, U. K. H., Janssen, S. M. J., Jin, Z., & Bermeitinger, C. (2022). What Simon “knows” About Cultural Differences: The Influence of Cultural Orientation and Traffic Directionality on Spatial Compatibility Effects. Memory & Cognition, 51, 526–542. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-022-01360-9
Bagley, C. (1988). Cognitive Style and Cultural Adaptation in Blackfoot, Japanese, Jamaican, Italian and Anglo-Celtic Children in Canada. En G. K. Verma & C. Bagley (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality, Attitudes and Cognition (pp. 143-159). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_6
Bagley, C. (1995). Field Independence in Children in Group-Oriented Cultures: Comparisons from China, Japan, and North America. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(4), 523-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9712221
Berlin, B., & Key, P. (1969). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. University of California Press.
Berry, J. W. (1971) Ecological and Cultural Factors in Spatial Perceptual Development. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 3(4), 324-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082275
Berry, J. W. (1979). Human Ecology and Cognitive Style: Comparative Studies in Cultural and Psychological Adaptation. Sage Publications.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Ecology, Culture, and Behavior: Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Psychology. In H. C. Triandis & W. W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 135-207). Allyn & Bacon.
Berry, J. W. (1983). Conceptual Approaches to Acculturation. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 232-253). Sage Publications.
Berry, J. W. (2022a). Family and Youth Development: Some Concepts and Findings Linked to The Ecocultural and Acculturation Models. Societies, 12(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12060181
Berry, J. W. (2022b). The Forgotten Field: Contexts for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(7-8), 993-1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221093810
Bieri, F. (1960) Paternal Indentification. Acceptance of Authority, and Within-Sex Differences in Cognitive Behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044591
Blount, B. G. (2011). A History of Cognitive Anthropology. En David B. Kronenfeld, Giovanni Bennardo, Victor C. de Munck, Michael D. Fischer (Eds.), A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology (pp. 9-29). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological Systems Theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 185–246.
Busse, T. V. (1969). Child-Rearing Antecedents of Flexible Thinking. Developmental Psychology, 1(5), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027978
Claeys, W., & DeBoeck, P. (1976). The Influence of Some Parental Characteristics on Children's Primary Abilities and Field Independence: A Study of Adopted Children. Child development, 47(3), 842–845. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128204
Dasen, P. R. (2022). Culture and Cognitive Development. Cultural Psychology, 53(7-8), 789-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221092409
Dasen, P. R., & Mishra, R. C. (2000). Cross-Cultural Views on Human Development in the Third Millennium. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(4), 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502500750037973
Dasen, P. R., & Mishra, R. C. (2013). Cultural Differences in Cognitive Styles. En B. R. Kar (Ed.), Cognition and Brain Development: Converging Evidence from Various Methodologies (pp. 231-249). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/14043-012
Dasen, P. R., Mishra, R. C., & Wassmann, J. (2018). Quasi-Experimental Research in Culture Sensitive Psychology. Culture and Psychology, 24(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18779043
Dyk, R. B., & Witkin, H. A. (1965). Family Experiences Related to the Development of Differentiation in Children. Child Development, 36(1), 21-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126779
Hederich-Martínez, C. (2007). Estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de dependenciaindependencia de campo. Influencias culturales e implicaciones para la educación (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España.
Hederich-Martínez, C. y Camargo, Á. (1995). Diferencias cognitivas y subculturas en Colombia. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional.
Hederich-Martínez, C. & Camargo, A. (1999) Estilos cognitivos en Colombia. Resultados en cinco regiones culturales colombianas. Bogotá: Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Centro de Investigaciones (CIUP) - Colciencias.
Hederich-Martínez, C. y Camargo, Á. (2001). Estilo cognitivo y logro académico en la ciudad de Bogotá. Revista Colombiana de Educación, 40-41, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.17227/01203916.7782
Hederich-Martínez, C., Camargo-Uribe, A., Taborda-Chaurra, J., Tobón-V, G. del C., y Zuluaga, J. B. (2022). Estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de dependenciaindependencia de campo de estudiantes universitarios del área de Manizales. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 26(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.14718/acp.2023.26.1.2
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The WEIRDest People in the World. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152x
Holland, D., & Quinn, N. (Eds.). (1987). Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607660
Holzman, P. S., & Klein, G. S. (1954). Cognitive System Principles of Leveling and Shapering. Individual Differences in Visual-Time Error Assimilation Effects. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 37, 105–122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1954.9916135
Kagan, J. (1966). Reflection-Impulrivity: The Generality and Dynamics of Conceptual Tempo. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886
Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1910). Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures. Librairies Félix Alcan et Guillaumin Réunies. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k752961
Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1922). La mentalité primitive. Librairie Félix Alcan. Lacko, D., Šašinka, Č., Čeněk, J., Stachoň, Z., & Lu, W.-l. (2020). Cross-CulturalDifferences in Cognitive Style, Individualism/Collectivism and Map Reading Between Central European and East Asian University Students. Studia Psychologica, 62(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2020.01.789
Lynn, D. B. (1962). Sex-Role and Parental Identification. Child Development, 33(3), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126656
Masuda, T., Shi, S., Varma, P., Fisher, D., & Shirazi, S. (2022). Do Surrounding People’s Emotions Affect Judgment of the Central Person’s Emotion? Comparing Within Cultural Variation in Holistic Patterns of Emotion Perception in the Multicultural Canadian Society. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.886971
Mead, M. (1973). Sexo y temperamento en las sociedades primitivas. Laia.
Muhammad, T., Daniel, E. G. S., & Abdurauf, R. A. (2015). Cognitive Styles Field Dependence/Independence and Scientific Achievement of Male and Female Students of Zamfara State College of Education Maru, Nigeria. Journal of
Education and Practice, 6(10), 58-63. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1081653
Onyekuru, B. U. (2015). Field Dependence-Field Independence Cognitive Style, Gender, Career Choice and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(10), 76-85. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/21440/22147
Reynoso, C. (1986). Teoría, historia y crítica de la antropología cognitiva: Una propuesta sistemática. Ediciones Búsqueda-Yuchán.
Rosch, E., Mervis, C., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Brahem, P. (1976). Basic Objects in Naturals Categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8(3), 382-439. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/001002857690013X
Senzaki, S., Masuda, T., & Nand, K. (2014). Holistic Versus Analytic Expressions in Artworks: Cross-Cultural Differences and Similarities in Drawings and Collages by Canadian and Japanese School-Age Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(8), 1297-1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114537704
Thurstone, L.L. (1944). A Factorial Study of Perception. Psychometric. University Press.
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. J. Murray.
Witkin, H. A. (1967). A Cognitive-Style Approach to Cross-Cultural Research. International Journal of Psychology, 2(4), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207596708247220
Witkin, H. & Asch, S.C. (1948). Studies in Space Orientation. III Perception of the Upright in the Absence of a Visual Field. Journal Experimental Psychology, 38(5), 603-614. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055372
Witkin, H. A., & Berry, J. W. (1975). Psychological Diferentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1975(1), 1-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1975.tb01043.x
Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Fattuson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development. Wiley.
Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1985). Estilos cognitivos: Naturaleza y orígenes. Pirámide.
Witkin, H. A., Lewis, H. B., Hertzman, M., Machover, K., Meissner, P. B., & Wapner, S. (1954). Personality Through Perception: An Experimental and Clinical Study. Harper.
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