Reconocimiento de rostros y variabilidad cultural. Análisis de la evidencia empírica y las medidas de evaluación
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Jul 1, 2024
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Anyerson Stiths Gómez Tabares
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-3178
Jainer Alberto Amézquita Londoño
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-6753
David Antonio Pineda-Salazar
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-3178
Jainer Alberto Amézquita Londoño
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-6753
David Antonio Pineda-Salazar
Resumen
Objetivo: revisar la literatura científica que utiliza tareas cognitivas controladas y registro de actividad neurológica para evaluar la capacidad para reconocer rostros, considerando el «efecto de la otra raza» (EOR). Metodología: artículo de reflexión, cuya metodología parte de una revisión de la literatura; se incluyeron 15 estudios para la meta-síntesis. Resultados: se encontró que predominan las tareas cognitivas controladas de recuerdo subjetivo y técnica de electroencefalografía, y potenciales relacionados con eventos en la investigación sobre el reconocimiento de rostros, considerando el EOR. Se halló que la oxitocina no influye en la memoria facial, y que las dificultades en reconocer caras borrosas de otras razas correlacionan con la activación del área fusiforme facial (AFF). Conclusiones: el procesamiento neuronal de rostros de otras razas requiere más esfuerzo, evidenciado por mayor amplitud del componente N250, y relacionado con la N170. Además, invertir rostros de la propia raza prolonga su reconocimiento. La instrucción puede incrementar el procesamiento de caras de otras razas, mientras que la ira no mejora su memoria facial. Esta revisión confirma que tanto la neurofisiología como los factores culturales juegan un papel crucial en el reconocimiento facial, y sugiere que el EOR puede ser un producto de la interacción entre estos factores.
Cómo citar
Gómez Tabares, A. S., Amézquita Londoño, J. A., & Pineda-Salazar, D. A. (2024). Reconocimiento de rostros y variabilidad cultural. : Análisis de la evidencia empírica y las medidas de evaluación. ÁNFORA, 31(57), 299–325. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v31.n57.2024.1102
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Palabras clave
reconocimiento facial, efecto de la otra raza (EOR), tareas cognitivas controladas, electroencefalografía (EEG), neurociencia cultural , (obtenidos del tesauro DeCS/MeSH Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud).
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Furl, N., Henson, R. N., Friston, K. J., & Calder, A. J. (2013). Top-Down Control of Visual Responses to Fear by the Amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(44), 17435–17443.
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2992-13.2013
Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the Middle Fusiform “Face Area” Increases with Expertise in Recognizing Novel Objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568–573. https://doi.org/10.1038/9224
Ge, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Kelly, D., Slater, A., Tian, J., & Lee, K. (2009). Two Faces of the Other-Race Effect: Recognition and Categorisation of Caucasian and Chinese faces. Perception, 38(8), 1199–1210.
https://doi.org/10.1068/p6136
Gobbini, M. I., & Haxby, J. V. (2007). Neural Systems for Recognition of Familiar Faces. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.015
Haist, F., & Anzures, G. (2017). Functional Development of the Brain’s Face‐ Processing System. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science, 8(1–2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1423
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The Distributed Human Neural System for Face Perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01482-0
Herzmann, G. (2016). Increased N250 Amplitudes for Other-Race Faces Reflect More Effortful Processing at the Individual Level. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 105, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.001
Herzmann, G., Bird, C. W., Freeman, M., & Curran, T. (2013). Effects of Oxytocin on Behavioral and ERP Measures of Recognition Memory for Own-Race and Other-Race Faces in Women and Men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(10),
2140–2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.002
Herzmann, G., Minor, G., & Adkins, M. (2017). Neural Correlates of Memory Encoding and Recognition for Own-Race and Other-Race Faces in an Associative-Memory Task. Brain Research, 1655, 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.028
Herzmann, G., Minor, G., & Curran, T. (2018). Neural Evidence for the Contribution of Holistic Processing but not Attention Allocation to the Other-Race Effect on Face Memory. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(5),
1015–1033. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0619-z
Hugenberg, K., Miller, J., & Claypool, H. M. (2007). Categorization and Individuation in the Cross-Race Recognition Deficit: Toward a Solution to An Insidious Problem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.010
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