Validación de la prueba de escala de altruismo Self-report en estudiantes universitarios colombianos
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Dec 14, 2016
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Objetivo: establecer si el cuestionario canadiense the self-report altruism scale es una herramienta confiable para estimar el comportamiento altruista en jóvenes universitarios colombianos.
Metodología: se adaptó y aplicó el test the self-report altruism scale. Participaron 327 universitarios entre los 18 y 25 años, distribuidos en cinco cohortes independientes. Los participantes debían señalar, en 20 ítems, la frecuencia (Nunca, una vez, más de una vez, frecuentemente o muy frecuentemente) con la que realizan comportamientos altruistas. El método de este estudio siguió el protocolo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para estos casos. Se hizo también un análisis de correlación entre el puntaje de cuestionario y la evaluación que hicieron algunos amigos cercanos de cada participante en relación con la tendencia altruista de este último.
Resultados: se evidenció que el instrumento es altamente confiable. El cuestionario the self-report altruism scale es una herramienta útil para estimar el comportamiento altruista de jóvenes universitarios colombianos.
Conclusiones: se discute y aclara la pertinencia de desarrollar herramientas que evalúen los comportamientos prosociales en el país. Ampliar el rango de edad y aplicar el cuestionario a poblaciones no universitarias, fortalecerá el desarrollo del instrumento.
Cómo citar
Aguilar Pardo, D., & Martínez Cotrina, J. (2016). Validación de la prueba de escala de altruismo Self-report en estudiantes universitarios colombianos. ÁNFORA, 23(41), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v23.n41.2016.139
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Palabras clave
Altruismo, Prosocialidad, Universitarios, Validación.
Referencias
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Aponte, M., Martínez, J. and Caicedo, J. (2016). Explorando el cerebro social: Expresiones desde la cooperación y la agresión en niños y jóvenes. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Benozio, A. and G. Diesendruck. (2015). Parochialism in preschool boys' resource allocation. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 256-264. Retrieved from doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.12.002
Bereczkei, T., Birkas, B. and Kerekes, Z. (2010). Altruism towards strangers in need: Costly signaling in an industrial society. Evolution and Human Behavior, (31), 95-103. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.07.004
Blake, P., Piovesan, M., Montinari, N., Warneken, F. and Gino, F. (2014). Prosocial norms in the classroom: The role of self-regulation in following norms of giving. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, (115), 18-29. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.10.004
Chiang, Y. and Wu, C. (2015). Social influence and the adaptation of parochial altruism: a dictator-game experiment on children and adolescents under peer influence. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 430–437. Retrieved from doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.03.007
Cortada, N. (1999). Teorías psicométricas y construcción de tests. Buenos Aires.
Chou, Kee-Lee. (1996). The Rushton, Chrisjohn and Fekken self-report altruism scale: A Chinese translation. Personality and Individual Differences, (21), 297-298.
Curry, O. and Dunbar, R. (2013). Sharing a joke: The effects of a similar sense of humor on affiliation and altruism. Evolution and Human Behavior, (34), 125-129. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav. 2012.11.003
Dunfield, K. and Kuhlmeier, A. (2013). Classifying prosocial behavior: Children's responses to instrumental need, emotional distress, and material desire. Child Development, (84), 1766-1776. Retrieved from doi: 10.1111/cdev.12075
Fehr, E. and Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, (425), 785-791. Retrieved from doi: 10.1038/nature02043
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U. and Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, (13), 1-25. Retrieved from doi: 10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7
Fehrler, S. and Przepiorka, W. (2013). Charitable giving as a signal of trustworthiness: Disentangling the signaling benefits of altruistic acts. Evolution and Human Behavior, (34), 139-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.005
Foster, K. (2011). The sociobiology of molecular systems. Nature Reviews Genetics, (12), 193-203. doi:10.1038/nrg2903
Gintis, H. (2000). Strong reciprocity and human sociality. J. theor. Biol., (206), 169-179.
Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of theorical biology, (7), 1-16.
Hauser, M., McAuliffe,K. and Blake, P. (2009). Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, (364), 3255-3266. Retrieved from doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0116
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cardenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science, (327), 1479-1484. Retrieved from doi: 10.1126/science.1182238
House, B., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. and Silk, J. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: Behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, (33), 291-308. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007
Johnson, R. C. G. P. Danko., T. J. Darvill, S. Bochner, J. K. Bowers, Y.-H. Huang, J. Y. Park, V. Pecjak, A. R. A. Rahim and D. Pennington. (1989). Cross-cultural assessment of altruism and its correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, (10), 855-868.
Kahn, C. (1981). Aristotle and altruism. Mind, (90), 20-40.
Kant, I. (1991). The metaphysics of morals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krueger, R., Hicks, B. and McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior: Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies. Psychological Science, (12), 397-402.
Leontopoulou, S. (2010). An exploratory study of altruism in Greek children: Relations with empathy, resilience and classroom climate. Psychology, (1), 377-385. Retrieved from doi: 10.4236/psych.2010.15047
Menesini, E., Palladino, B. and Nocentini, A. (2015). Emotions of moral disengagement, class norms, and bullying in adolescence: A multilevel approach. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, (61), 124-143. Retrieved from doi: 10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0124
Messick, S. (1980). Test validity and the ethics of assessment. American Psychologist, (35), 1012–27
Pennisi, E. (2005). How did cooperative behavior evolve? Science, (309), 93.
Rushton, P., Chrisjohn, R. and Fekken, C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, (2), 293-302.
Rushton, P., Vernon, P. and Bons, T. (2007). No evidence that polymorphisms of brain regulator genes Microcephalin andASPM are associated with general mental ability, head circumference or altruism. Biology Letters, (3), 157-160. Retrieved from doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0586
Rand, D., Greene, J. and Nowak, M. (2012). Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature, (489), 427-430. Retrieved from doi: 10.1038/nature11467.
Sebastián-Enesco, C., Hernández-Lloreda, M. and Colmenares, F. (2013). Two and a half-year-old children are prosocial even when their partners are not. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, (116), 186-198. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.05.007
Santisteban C. (1999). Psicometría. Teoría y práctica en la construcción de tests. Madrid, España: ed. Norma.
Sibly, R. and Curnow, R. (2011). Selfishness and altruism can coexist when help is subject to diminishing returns. Heredity, (107), 167-173. Retrieved from doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.2
Sloan, D., D. Tumminelli and A. Sesma. (2009). Human prosociality from an evolutionary perspective: variation and correlations at a city-wide scale. Evolution and Human Behavior, (30), 190-200. Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.12.002
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. and Brownell, C. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, (81), 1814-1827. Retrieved from doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, (46), 35-57.
Vogt, S., Efferson, C., Berger, J. and Fehr, F. (2015). Eye spots do not increase altruism in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 224-231. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.11.007
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, (100), 455-471. Retrieved from doi:10.1348/000712608X379061
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-Month-Olds. Developmental Psychology, (44), 1785-1788. Retrieved from doi: 10.1037/a0013860
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, (11), 271-294. Retrieved from doi: 10.1348/00071260SX379061
Yilmaz, O. and Bahçekapili, H. (2016) Supernatural and secular monitors promote human cooperation only if they remind of punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, (37), 79-84. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.09.005
Aponte, M., Martínez, J. and Caicedo, J. (2016). Explorando el cerebro social: Expresiones desde la cooperación y la agresión en niños y jóvenes. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Benozio, A. and G. Diesendruck. (2015). Parochialism in preschool boys' resource allocation. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 256-264. Retrieved from doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.12.002
Bereczkei, T., Birkas, B. and Kerekes, Z. (2010). Altruism towards strangers in need: Costly signaling in an industrial society. Evolution and Human Behavior, (31), 95-103. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.07.004
Blake, P., Piovesan, M., Montinari, N., Warneken, F. and Gino, F. (2014). Prosocial norms in the classroom: The role of self-regulation in following norms of giving. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, (115), 18-29. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.10.004
Chiang, Y. and Wu, C. (2015). Social influence and the adaptation of parochial altruism: a dictator-game experiment on children and adolescents under peer influence. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 430–437. Retrieved from doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.03.007
Cortada, N. (1999). Teorías psicométricas y construcción de tests. Buenos Aires.
Chou, Kee-Lee. (1996). The Rushton, Chrisjohn and Fekken self-report altruism scale: A Chinese translation. Personality and Individual Differences, (21), 297-298.
Curry, O. and Dunbar, R. (2013). Sharing a joke: The effects of a similar sense of humor on affiliation and altruism. Evolution and Human Behavior, (34), 125-129. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav. 2012.11.003
Dunfield, K. and Kuhlmeier, A. (2013). Classifying prosocial behavior: Children's responses to instrumental need, emotional distress, and material desire. Child Development, (84), 1766-1776. Retrieved from doi: 10.1111/cdev.12075
Fehr, E. and Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, (425), 785-791. Retrieved from doi: 10.1038/nature02043
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U. and Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, (13), 1-25. Retrieved from doi: 10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7
Fehrler, S. and Przepiorka, W. (2013). Charitable giving as a signal of trustworthiness: Disentangling the signaling benefits of altruistic acts. Evolution and Human Behavior, (34), 139-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.005
Foster, K. (2011). The sociobiology of molecular systems. Nature Reviews Genetics, (12), 193-203. doi:10.1038/nrg2903
Gintis, H. (2000). Strong reciprocity and human sociality. J. theor. Biol., (206), 169-179.
Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of theorical biology, (7), 1-16.
Hauser, M., McAuliffe,K. and Blake, P. (2009). Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, (364), 3255-3266. Retrieved from doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0116
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cardenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science, (327), 1479-1484. Retrieved from doi: 10.1126/science.1182238
House, B., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. and Silk, J. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: Behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, (33), 291-308. Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007
Johnson, R. C. G. P. Danko., T. J. Darvill, S. Bochner, J. K. Bowers, Y.-H. Huang, J. Y. Park, V. Pecjak, A. R. A. Rahim and D. Pennington. (1989). Cross-cultural assessment of altruism and its correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, (10), 855-868.
Kahn, C. (1981). Aristotle and altruism. Mind, (90), 20-40.
Kant, I. (1991). The metaphysics of morals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krueger, R., Hicks, B. and McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior: Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies. Psychological Science, (12), 397-402.
Leontopoulou, S. (2010). An exploratory study of altruism in Greek children: Relations with empathy, resilience and classroom climate. Psychology, (1), 377-385. Retrieved from doi: 10.4236/psych.2010.15047
Menesini, E., Palladino, B. and Nocentini, A. (2015). Emotions of moral disengagement, class norms, and bullying in adolescence: A multilevel approach. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, (61), 124-143. Retrieved from doi: 10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0124
Messick, S. (1980). Test validity and the ethics of assessment. American Psychologist, (35), 1012–27
Pennisi, E. (2005). How did cooperative behavior evolve? Science, (309), 93.
Rushton, P., Chrisjohn, R. and Fekken, C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, (2), 293-302.
Rushton, P., Vernon, P. and Bons, T. (2007). No evidence that polymorphisms of brain regulator genes Microcephalin andASPM are associated with general mental ability, head circumference or altruism. Biology Letters, (3), 157-160. Retrieved from doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0586
Rand, D., Greene, J. and Nowak, M. (2012). Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature, (489), 427-430. Retrieved from doi: 10.1038/nature11467.
Sebastián-Enesco, C., Hernández-Lloreda, M. and Colmenares, F. (2013). Two and a half-year-old children are prosocial even when their partners are not. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, (116), 186-198. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.05.007
Santisteban C. (1999). Psicometría. Teoría y práctica en la construcción de tests. Madrid, España: ed. Norma.
Sibly, R. and Curnow, R. (2011). Selfishness and altruism can coexist when help is subject to diminishing returns. Heredity, (107), 167-173. Retrieved from doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.2
Sloan, D., D. Tumminelli and A. Sesma. (2009). Human prosociality from an evolutionary perspective: variation and correlations at a city-wide scale. Evolution and Human Behavior, (30), 190-200. Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.12.002
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. and Brownell, C. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, (81), 1814-1827. Retrieved from doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, (46), 35-57.
Vogt, S., Efferson, C., Berger, J. and Fehr, F. (2015). Eye spots do not increase altruism in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, (36), 224-231. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.11.007
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, (100), 455-471. Retrieved from doi:10.1348/000712608X379061
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-Month-Olds. Developmental Psychology, (44), 1785-1788. Retrieved from doi: 10.1037/a0013860
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, (11), 271-294. Retrieved from doi: 10.1348/00071260SX379061
Yilmaz, O. and Bahçekapili, H. (2016) Supernatural and secular monitors promote human cooperation only if they remind of punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, (37), 79-84. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.09.005
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